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Study on the effect of cleaning da Vinci patient side manipulator with steam cleaner

ObjectiveThis study compares the cleaning effect of patient side manipulators (PSMs) through manual cleaning and steam cleaning.MethodsA total of 2 400 contaminated da Vinci PSMs collected from September 2021 to September 2022 were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, each with 1 200 pieces. The control group adopted manual cleaning, and the steps were rinsing with running water, rinsing with a spray gun, bio-washing, ultrasonic cleaning, rinsing and repeating, drying, and sterilization. The experimental group added steam cleaning between the ultrasonic cleaning and the rinsing and repeating, and other steps remained unchanged. The qualification rates of the two groups were recorded and the damage rates of PSMs during the cleaning process were counted.ResultsThe results of visual inspection and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay showed that the qualification rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the damage rate of PSM in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionCleaning PSM with steam cleaner significantly reduces the re-cleaning and damage rates and improves cleaning quality.

Xia Liu, Wei Liu, Fangfang Zhou, Chunyan Zhou, Hong Chen

article 6 Feb 2026

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Volume 4  Issue 4，2025 2025年第4卷第4 Issue

  • 标准指南解读

    National Association of Health Industry and Enterprise Management

    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.4.01
      
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    Updated：2026-04-01

    China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization

    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.4.02
      
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    Dan Xu, Yubin Zhang, Yihua Zhao, Yu Meng

    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.4.03
    Abstract：Based on Jiangsu Provincial local standard DB32/T 5086—2025, titled Technical Specification for Construction and Acceptance of Emergency Medical Buildings (hereinafter referred to as the “Specification”), this article interprets its content and explores its application value in the rapid construction of emergency medical buildings. The Specification clarifies the construction and acceptance standards for such buildings, covering various aspects including civil engineering, water supply and drainage, sewage treatment, electrical installations, ventilation and air conditioning, medical systems, fire protection, barrier-free facilities, and airtightness. It aims to standardize the construction process, ensure project quality, and provide technical support for the rapid construction and effective utilization of emergency medical buildings.  
    Keywords：Emergency medical building;Rapid construction;Construction standard;Acceptance standard   
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    Updated：2026-04-01

  • 综述论著

    Sowmya Nasimuddin, Giyo Selvaraj Vasanthakumari, Fahad Affan Tajir, Shaikh Mohammad Haroon al Waseem, Kiran Madhusudhan

    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.4.04
    Abstract：BackgroundProlonged face mask use is an essential occupational safety measure for healthcare workers (HCWs), especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. While mask wearing effectively reduces exposure to respiratory pathogens, extended use creates a warm, humid, and occlusive microclimate that may disrupt the nasal and facial skin microbiota, potentially affecting comfort, barrier function, and occupational well-being. This systematic review aimed to synthesize primary research evidence on the impact of prolonged face mask use on the nasal and facial skin microbiota among HCWs and related population.MethodsA systematic review with an exploratory meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 statement. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2000 and December 2025. Inclusion criteria were observational and interventional studies involving HCWs or related populations exposed to at least four hours of mask use per day, with nasal or facial skin microbiota as an outcome. Due to heterogeneity in study methods, findings were narratively synthesized.ResultsA total of eleven primary studies met the inclusion criteria: four examined nasal microbiota, and eight examined facial skin microbiota. Consistent evidence indicated that prolonged mask use (4 to 12 hours per day) was associated with reduced microbial diversity. Nasal microbiota analyses revealed increased relative abundance of Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium species and decreased commensal species. On facial skin, reduced microbial diversity and dominance of Cutibacterium species were observed, particularly among individuals with mask-related dermatological symptoms. An exploratory meta-analysis of four studies showed no significant decrease in microbial diversity, with high heterogeneity (I 2>70%).ConclusionThis synthesis of eleven studies indicates that prolonged mask wearing is associated with localized alterations in the microbiota, primarily affecting facial skin and nasal microbial communities. These changes likely represent ecological adaptations to humidity and occlusion rather than clinically harmful dysbiosis.  
    Keywords：Face mask;Nasal microbiota;Facial microbiota;Healthcare workers   
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    Updated：2026-04-01
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