A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China

Juan Zhou; Dongling Liu; Caixia Yang; Yan Pan; Chunzi Cao; Ying Wang; Huanxi Zhang

doi:10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.3.05

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A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China

专题研究 | Updated：2026-01-31

- A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China
- A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China
- Sterile Supply 2025年4卷第3期
- Affiliations：
  
  Central Sterile Supply Department I, Hunan Provincial People’ s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of HunanNormal University), No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha City, Hunan 410005, China, Hunan 410005, China
- Author bio：
  
  Juan Zhou, E-mail: 415521822@qq.com
  Dongling Liu at 735335122@qq.com
- Funds：
  
  the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Nursing Association(HNKYY202507);the “Seedling Plan” Talent Project of Hunan Nursing Association, and the Innovation Fund for Central Sterile Supply Department Management of the National Institute of Hospital Administration, PRC(XY2024015)
- DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.3.05
  中图分类号：
- 纸质出版：2025-10-15
- Accepted：
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Juan Zhou, Dongling Liu, Caixia Yang, 等. A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China[J]. Sterile Supply, 2025,4(3):166-178.

Zhou Juan,Liu Dongling,Yang Caixia,et al.A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China[J].Sterile Supply,2025,04(03):166-178.
Juan Zhou, Dongling Liu, Caixia Yang, 等. A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China[J]. Sterile Supply, 2025,4(3):166-178. DOI： 10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.3.05.

Zhou Juan,Liu Dongling,Yang Caixia,et al.A Cross-Sectional Survey on Management and Processing Practices for Loaner Surgical Instruments and Implants Among 861 Hospitals in China[J].Sterile Supply,2025,04(03):166-178. DOI： 10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.3.05.

摘要

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the current status of the management and processing of loaner surgical instruments and implants in healthcare institutions across China and to provide evidence for standardizing practices in this field.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2024 using a self-administered questionnaire developed based on industry standards

clinical guidelines

and a literature review. The survey was distributed via a questionnaire platform Wenjuanxing to central sterile supply department (CSSD) in secondary and tertiary hospitals in China.

Results

Valid responses were collected from 861 hospitals across 18 provinces. Significant disparities were observed between tertiary and secondary hospitals across multiple domains (

0.05). In management

differences were noted in the clinical departments using loaner instruments

the provision of handover forms by suppliers

the frequency of organized training

the assignment o

f dedicated CSSD personnel/position for loaner instruments

and the establishment of departmental-level management systems. During handover

disparities existed in the availability of an independent receiving area

the use of information traceability systems

the presence of a dedicated loaner instrument module within those systems

the establishment of information-sharing platforms

the ability of the system to track instrument quantities

and the cleanliness of delivered instruments. For cleaning

disinfection

and sterilization

differences were found in compliance with manufacturer instructions

the use of validated washer-disinfector programs for loaner instruments

cleaning verification

the use of dedicated sterilization programs specific to loaner instruments

the basis for sterilization parameter selection

and the frequency of early instrument release. In post-use processing

variations were identified in preprocessing practices

the timeliness of instrument retrieval (within two days)

the maintenance of return records

and the traceability of those records.

Conclusion

While the management and processing of loaner surgical instruments and implants in China show a trend toward standardization

significant gaps remain. There is a pressing need to strengthen dedicated staffing

establish independent processing zones

accelerate the implementation of comprehensive traceability systems

promote the use of validated cleaning and sterilization protocols

and improve post-use handling and return procedures.

关键词

Keywords

references

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