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Study on the effect of cleaning da Vinci patient side manipulator with steam cleaner

ObjectiveThis study compares the cleaning effect of patient side manipulators (PSMs) through manual cleaning and steam cleaning.MethodsA total of 2 400 contaminated da Vinci PSMs collected from September 2021 to September 2022 were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, each with 1 200 pieces. The control group adopted manual cleaning, and the steps were rinsing with running water, rinsing with a spray gun, bio-washing, ultrasonic cleaning, rinsing and repeating, drying, and sterilization. The experimental group added steam cleaning between the ultrasonic cleaning and the rinsing and repeating, and other steps remained unchanged. The qualification rates of the two groups were recorded and the damage rates of PSMs during the cleaning process were counted.ResultsThe results of visual inspection and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay showed that the qualification rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the damage rate of PSM in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionCleaning PSM with steam cleaner significantly reduces the re-cleaning and damage rates and improves cleaning quality.

Xia Liu, Wei Liu, Fangfang Zhou, Chunyan Zhou, Hong Chen

article 4 Nov 2025

   Editor-in-Chief :

   Yihua Zhao

   ISSN : 2791-2043

   CODEN : SSTUB6 

   Frequency : Quarterly

   Current Issue：

   Issue 2, 2025

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Volume 4  Issue 2，2025 2025年第4卷第2 Issue

  • GUIDE INTERPRETATION

    Yiming Shen, Wei Wang, Yuqing Qian, Jingjing Fan, Xiaolei Wang, Xiaosong Wu, Yan Xu

    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.2.01
    Abstract：Implemented on March 1, 2025, the Chinese industry standard Evaluation method of endoscopic sterilization effect (WS/T 10015—2024) aims to standardize the evaluation methods for the sterilization efficacy of endoscopes and to detect and evaluate the sterilization effect of endoscopes by scientific and unified methods. It specifies the evaluation content and test methods for the sterilization efficacy of endoscope sterilants and/or automatic endoscope washer-disinfectors. It applies to the efficacy evaluation of endoscope sterilants and/or automatic endoscope washer-disinfectors when they are sterilizing flexible endoscopes. This study interprets the main content and key indicators of the standard.  
    Keywords：Endoscope;Sterilization efficacy;Evaluation;Endoscope sterilant;Automatic endoscope washer-disinfector   
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    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.2.02
      
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  • REVIEW ARTICLES

    Saravana Priya J K, Karthika Venugopal, Veena Kumari H B

    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.2.03
    Abstract：BackgroundHealthcare-associated infections (HAIs) primarily originate from environmental pathogens or patients’ endogenous flora, with the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) serving as a major transmission vector. Therefore, improving hand hygiene is crucial to controlling HAIs, and how to improve hand hygiene is a topic worthy of study. Aims andObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of hand hygiene practices in reducing microbial load and their role in mitigating HAIs. It also analyzes the microbial profiles on HCWs’ hands, identifies species and resistance patterns, and assesses the impact of omitting specific hand hygiene steps. The goal is to formulate evidence-based recommendations to improve compliance and enhance infection control.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted involving HCWs from the intensive care unit (ICU) and high-dependency unit (HDU) at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS). Based on the WHO 6-step hand hygiene protocol, hand impressions were collected before and after hand hygiene using 5% sheep blood agar plates. Microbial identification was performed using the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF), and susceptibility testing was conducted with VITEK. The impact of omitting each step of the hand hygiene protocol was evaluated.ResultsOmitting Step 4 resulted in the highest reduction (96.82% without gloves; 98.03% with gloves), while omitting Step 6 revealed the lowest reduction (71.23% without gloves; 66.18% with gloves). Handwashing was more effective (90.84%) than hand rubbing (87.72%). Discussion　The findings emphasize the importance of meticulous hand hygiene in reducing microbial contamination and HAIs. Education and reinforcement of protocol are crucial for effective infection control.ConclusionRigorous hand hygiene, supported by environmental cleaning, education, monitoring, and leadership, is essential for reducing multidrug-resistant organisms and improving patient outcomes. This study highlights the need to account for baseline microbial levels, identifies Steps 6 and 5 as most critical, and confirms the superior efficacy of handwashing over hand rubbing — key insights for refining hygiene protocols and compliance strategies.  
    Keywords：Healthcare-associated infection (HAI);Hand hygiene;Microbial load;Handwashing;Antimicrobial resistance;Infection control;Patient safety   
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  • TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION

    Joan N. Hebden, Yian Jiang, Ming Zhang

    DOI：10.11910/j.issn.2791-2043.2025.2.04
    Abstract：A key microbiological factor facilitating surface environment-mediated transmission of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), norovirus (NoV) and Candida auris (C. auris) is their relative resistance to disinfectants used on environmental surfaces. Multiple outbreaks involving C. difficile, NoV and C. auris in healthcare settings are linked to widespread environmental contamination. The notable resilience of C. auris underscores the need for broad-spectrum disinfectants with proven efficacy and a lower risk of material degradation. This review examines the current science understanding of C. difficile reservoirs in hospital environment, identifies deficiencies in cleaning practices for colonized and infected patient rooms, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of currently available sporicidal germicides, and explores the development of a non-bleach, hydrogen peroxide-based sporicidal agent.  
    Keywords：Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile);Disinfection methods;Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO);Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/HP);Peracetic acid (C2H4O3/PAA)   
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